The top-down view holds that
specialists are better able than generalists to utilize plant chemical or physical characteristics
as defenses against
enemies (Brower 1958,
Atsatt 1981, Bernays 1988, Bernays and Cornelius 1989, Bernays and Graham 1988, Jones et
al. 1989,
Dyer and Floyd 1993, Dyer 1995).